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\F2Hݯ8Iw;ia4ONڥ:8&qșƷ] 8      	   
                      p ?     Arial   	'    g<7@0           (  continue 	  ۄ@      	 ?    ?     Times New Roman   	   m	0           (  Mendel's experiment involved cross breeding two different 
varieties of a species of pea -- 'yellow' and 'green'.  He 
crossed the green with the yellow and noticed that all the 
offspring were yellow. When he planted these offspring and 
allowed them to interbreed, he found a 3:1 ratio of yellow to 
green plants. How did Mendel make sense of this outcome? Set aside thoughts of vegetation and experiment with 
mathematical combinations of blocks.   : 	    mU" h         (  <P ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT FACE="_sans" SIZE="18" COLOR="#000000"><A HREF="genetics101_support.html"><B>click here to learn more <SBR/>about Mendel&apos;s work</B></A></FONT></P>   8      	   
                      p  	'    g<7@0           (  continue   ۄ     U<SCTJgq fffp% 333  3f      2-F]r1ͅn=4O3R҆D:P:P hg - [`G%,P%VO%ӧ+TB4: /,L3< S `ue˪UJgmrQ&~]kp      U<SCTJgq fff     p% 3f      2-F]r1ͅn=4O3R҆D:P:P hg - [`E%,P%VO%ӧ+TB4: /,L3< S `ue˪UJgmrrQ&~]kp      U<SCTJgq fffp% 333         2-F]r1ͅn=4O3R҆D:P:P hg - [`G%,P%VO%ӧ+TB4: /,L3< S `ue˪UJgmrQ&~]kp      U<SCTJgq fffp% 333  3f      2-F]r1ͅn=4O3R҆D:P:P hg - [`G%,P%VO%ӧ+TB4: /,L3< S `ue˪UJgmrQ&~]kp -                           㦀 	'    g<?@0           (  previous   .ۄ@       ?<     bo2 0 bo3 bo4 	    @#	   @#	   @# 	   A 0           (  Assume that the inheritable characteristic that we are studying 
can be represented by a pair of items, such as blocks. Here are 
two green blocks and two yellow blocks. We will 'cross' these 
blocks in every possible combination.     	     _?a݀0           (  x   ~ 	V    S  0 @          (  Press Enter or use your mouse to create a combination          ]]      %kbySEr؎ 	       1  @   d    h bo1         8  _root g1 this hittest y1 hittest true bo1 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R     8  _root g1 this hittest y1 hittest true bo1 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R   	        1  @      6	    bo2    6   h` bo3    6   ` bo4 	P   ! wp00            (  Combinations will appear in the following spaces  ! + K   " ]=Xz          !%j[.)*~F%+ g4dOmC*(u/t(  K   # ]=Xz          !%j[.)*~F%+ g4dOmC*(u/t(  K   $ ]=Xz          !%j[.)*~F%+ g4dOmC*(u/t(  K   % ]=Xz          !%j[.)*~F%+ g4dOmC*(u/t( A   &   "   #   $   %                    '    ( 	   '   &  @      6 ' f g1  J   ( ]=Xz        !%j[.)*~F%+ g4dOmb|zQ.TP  N   ) ]=Xz        !j^96GwL]
%ʊ7+0=íZpL.kWW-@  N   * ]=Xz        !j^96GwL]
%ʊ7+0=íZpL.kWW-@  N   + ]=Xz        !j^96GwL]
%ʊ7+0=íZpL.kWW-@ A   ,   (   )   *   +                    '    ( 	   -   ,  @      6 -  y1  K   . ]=Xz          !%j[.)*~F%+ g4dOmC*(u/t( 	   /   .  @    / ހ  N   0 ]=Xz        !j^96GwL]
%ʊ7+0=íZpL.kWW-@ 	   1   0  @    1 mH 8   2   	   
                     2 p  	'   3 g<7@0           (  continue  3 ۄ-   4                      4 㦀 	'   5 g<?@0           (  previous   5 .ۄ@              ?@     bo2 100 bo3 0 bo4 	    @#	   @#	   @# 	  6 A 0           (  Assume that the inheritable characteristic that we are studying 
can be represented by a pair of items, such as blocks. Here are 
two green blocks and two yellow blocks. We will 'cross' these 
blocks in every possible combination.   6  	    7 _?a݀0           (  x  7 ~ 	\   8 ӟ  0 @          (  Press Enter or use your mouse to create another combination  8    N   z	   9    1  @   h   9  bo2         :  _root g1_2 this hittest y2 hittest true bo2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R     :  _root g1_2 this hittest y2 hittest true bo2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R   	 h` `	P   : wp00            (  Combinations will appear in the following spaces  : +	   ;   &  @      6 ; fހ g1_2  I  / N  1  	   <   ,  @      6 < mH y2 8   =   	   
                    ! = p  	'   > g<7@0           (  continue # > ۄ-   ?                     $ ? 㦀 	'   @ g<?@0           (  previous & @ .ۄ@     	         ! # $ & ?&     bo3   @ 100 #  bo4   @ 0 # 	  A A 0           (  Assume that the inheritable characteristic that we are studying 
can be represented by a pair of items, such as blocks. Here are 
two green blocks and two yellow blocks. We will 'cross' these 
blocks in every possible combination.   A  	    B _?a݀0           (  x  B ~ 	:   C w 0 @          (  Create another combination  C    J   ڢ	   D    1  @   h   D h` bo3         :  _root g2 this hittest y1_2 hittest true bo3 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R     :  _root g2 this hittest y1_2 hittest true bo3 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R   	   E    1  @      6 E ` bo4 	P   F wp00            (  Combinations will appear in the following spaces  F +	   G   .  @    G fVހ    6 - Y@ y1_2 	   H   0  @    H mH  G N  H   G Z  H     6 ' ހ g2 8   I   	   
                     I p  	'   J g<7@0           (  continue ! J ۄ-   K                     " K 㦀 	'   L g<?@0           (  previous $ L .ۄ@          ! " $ ?     bo4   @ 100 # 	  M A 0           (  Assume that the inheritable characteristic that we are studying 
can be represented by a pair of items, such as blocks. Here are 
two green blocks and two yellow blocks. We will 'cross' these 
blocks in every possible combination.   M  	    N _?a݀0           (  x  N ~ 	J   O wp 0 @          (  Create the only other possible combination  O    N	  {@	   P    1  @   l  
 P ` bo4         <  _root g2_2 this hittest y2_2 hittest true bo4 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R     <  _root g2_2 this hittest y2_2 hittest true bo4 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R   	P   Q wp00            (  Combinations will appear in the following spaces  Q + I  G N   H      6! ;   g2_2    6# < mP y2_2 8   R   	   
                    % R p  	'   S g<7@0           (  continue ' S ۄ-   T                     ( T 㦀 	'   U g<?@0           (  previous * U .ۄ@     ! # % ' ( * ?    	  V A 0           (  This 'cross' gives an equal proportion of green and yellow. To 
account for the first cross being all yellow, assume that the 
yellow blocks dominate the green. You can see that this means 
that all these 4 combinations will be yellow.  V  	    W _?a݀0           (  x  W ~ ! G [  # H   % G ހ ' H mH 3   X   	   
                  ) X p  	'   Y g<7@0           (  continue + Y ۄ-   Z                     , Z 㦀 	'   [ g<?@0           (  previous . [ .ۄ@        	 
         ! # % ' ) + , . ?B     bo2_2 0 bo3_2 bo4_2 	    @#	   @#	   @# 	   \ A 0           (  We now proceed to Mendel's second cross, on the assumption 
that the 'green' and 'yellow' characteristics, as carried in the 
plants of the first cross, are represented by pairs of green and 
yellow blocks.  \  	    ] _?a݀0           (  x  ] ~ 	   ^    1  @      ^ h bo1_2         L  _root g1_2ndcross this hittest g2_2ndcross hittest true bo1_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   & 	        R     L  _root g1_2ndcross this hittest g2_2ndcross hittest true bo1_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   & 	        R      6' E J bo2_2    6* E h` bo3_2    6- E K` bo4_2 	O   _ w:00            (  Press Enter or use your mouse to create a cross 0 _ +   61 ' fVހ g1_2ndcross 3 1 ހ    65 ;   g2_2ndcross 7 1 mH 8   `   	   
                    9 ` p  	'   a g<7@0           (  continue ; a ۄ-   b                     < b 㦀 	'   c g<?@0           (  previous > c .ۄ@    - 0 1 5 7 9 ; < > ?F     bo2_2 100 bo3_2 0 bo4_2 	    @#	   @#	   @#   O"   	 / N  /   	   d !0           (  We now proceed with all possible combinations that could 
arise from crossing the plants that arose from our first cross.   d  	    e _?a݀0           (  x ! e ~ 	   f    1  @     " f J bo2_2         N  _root g1_2_2ndcross this hittest y2_2ndcross hittest true bo2_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   & 
        R     N  _root g1_2_2ndcross this hittest y2_2ndcross hittest true bo2_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   & 
        R   ' h`* K`	U   g w00            (  Press Enter or use your mouse to create another cross - g +   6. ; fހ g1_2_2ndcross 5 /      67 < mH y2_2ndcross 8   h   	   
            	      	  9 h p  	'   i g<7@0           (  continue ; i ۄ-   j                     < j 㦀 	'   k g<?@0           (  previous > k .ۄ@   ! " * - . 7 9 ; < > ?*     bo3_2   @ 100 #  bo4_2   @ 0 #    	 Z  1  	   O"    N  /  	 	   l !0           (  We now proceed with all possible combinations that could 
arise from crossing the plants that arose from our first cross. " l  	    m _?a݀0           (  x # m ~ 	   n    1  @     $ n h`	 bo3_2         N  _root y1_2ndcross this hittest g2_2_2ndcross hittest true bo3_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R     N  _root y1_2ndcross this hittest g2_2_2ndcross hittest true bo3_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R   ' K`	=   o o5 0            (  Create another combination... * o +   6+ ' 	 g2_2_2ndcross 3 ll5 fހ   67 - ހ	 y1_2ndcross 8   p   	   
            
      
  9 p p 	 	'   q g<7@0           (  continue ; q ۄ-   r                     < r 㦀	 	'   s g<?@0           (  previous > s .ۄ@ " # $ ' * + 5 7 9 ; < > ?     bo4_2   @ 100 #  / 
 	   t !0           (  We now proceed with all possible combinations that could 
arise from crossing the plants that arose from our first cross. " t  	    u _?a݀0           (  x # u ~ 	   v    1  @     $ v K`
 bo4_2         P  _root y1_2_2ndcross this hittest y2_2_2ndcross hittest true bo4_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R     P  _root y1_2_2ndcross this hittest y2_2_2ndcross hittest true bo4_2 gotoAndPlay    N     RL     N     R   &         R   	/   w g>?00            (  ... and another! ' w +( / fހ
 *  O#+  @, / 
 3 N   65 < Vހ
 y1_2_2ndcross    67 < ll
 y2_2_2ndcross 8   x   	   
                    9 x p 
 	'   y g<7@0           (  continue ; y ۄ-   z                   	  < z 㦀
 	'   { g<?@0           (  previous > { .ۄ@     " # $ ' ( * + , 5 7 9 ; < > ?          Z  1    O"  	 N /   	    | _?a݀0           (  x  | ~     @ / fހ   O#  @ /   N 1 [  1   1 Vހ  3 ll	  } P0           (  This summary of all possible combinations reveals that three 
'yellow' plants and one 'green' plant will be produced. 
Whenever a combination has a yellow block, that block is 
assumed to dominate the green one, resulting in a 'yellow' 
plant.  5 }  8   ~   	   
                    6 ~ p  	'    g<7@0           (  continue 8  ۄ-                      
  9  㦀 	'    g<?@0           (  previous ;  .ۄ@       	              3 5 6 8 9 ; ?    	   p 0           (  Do you find it surprising that you are able to decipher 
something about plants by using mathematical concepts? Why, 
when crossing 'green' and 'yellow' peas, was the outcome not 
simply a mixture of green and yellow -- i.e. a different colour? 
As Mendel deduced, something must be involved in the make-
up of living things that carries information in discrete 
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